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第110章(第1页)

9johno&rso;sullivan,&ldo;annexation,&rdo;unitedstatesagazeanddeocraticreview,july–augt1845,5

10johncyadas,&ldo;anaddressdeliveredatthereestoftheitteeofcitizensofwashgton,4july1821&rdo;(washgton,dc:davisandforce,1821),28–29

11ibid

12&ldo;从东往西迁移&rdo;从理论上讲,是指世界统治权的转移,即最高政治权力宝座的时空变化:从巴比伦和波斯到希腊,到罗马,到法国或德国,再到英国和(摩尔斯设想的)美国。乔治&iddot;伯克莱(eberkeley)在&ldo;关于美洲艺术和学识前景的诗歌&rdo;中就有如下著名的诗句:

帝国走向西行之路;前四节已经落幕,第五节是大戏的终点,最后往往是关键一步。13jedidiahorse,thearicanography;or,aviewofthepresentsituationoftheunitedstatesofarica,2nded(london:johnstockdale,1792),468–69,asexcerptedanifestdestyandaricanterritorialexpansion:abriefhistorywithdocunts,edaysgreenberg(boston:bedfordstart&rso;s,2012),

14johno&rso;sullivan,&ldo;thegreatnationoffuturity,&rdo;unitedstatesagazeanddeocraticreview,noveber1839,426–27

15o&rso;sullivan,&ldo;annexation,&rdo;9–10

16seeaandaforean,aworldonfire:brita&rso;scrucialrolethearicancivilwar(newyork:randohoe,2011);howardjones,beandgraydiploacy:ahistoryofunionandnfederateforeignrelations(插pelhill:universityofnorthcarolapress,2009)

17forean,worldonfire,784美国武装部队人员从南北战争结束时的1034064人下降到18个月后的正规军54302人、志愿军11000人。

18fareedzakaria,frowealthtopower:theunualorigsofarica&rso;sworldrole(prceton,nj:prcetonuniversitypress,1998),47

19grovercleveland,firstauguraladdress,arch4,1885,thepublicpapersofgrovercleveland(washgton,dc:governntprtgoffice,1889),8

20thoasgpatern,jgarryclifford,andkenhjhagan,aricanforeignpolicy:ahistory(le性ton,ass:dcheath,1977),189

21theodoreroosevelt,auguraladdress,arch4,1905,unitedstatesngressionalserialset484(washgton,dc:governntprtgoffice,1905),559

22theodoreroosevelt,&ldo;ternationalpeace,&rdo;nobellecture,ay5,1910,peace:1901–1925:nobellectures(sgapore:worldscientificpublishg,1999),106

23roosevelt&rso;sstatenttongress,1902,otedjohnortonb,therepublicanroosevelt(cabrid,ass:harvarduniversitypress,1967),137

24roosevelttosprgrice,deceber21,1907,theselectedlettersoftheodoreroosevelt,edhwbrands(lanha,d:rowan≈littlefield,2001),465

25theodoreroosevelt,reviewofthefenceofseapoweruponhistory,byalfredthayerahan,atlanticonthly,october1890

26theodoreroosevelt,&ldo;thestrenuolife,&rdo;thestrenuolife:essaysandaddresses(newyork:century,1905),9

27当德国和英国战舰1902年向长期负债累累的委内瑞拉行进,准备强制收回一笔早就逾期的贷款时,罗斯福要求两国保证不得以追债方式寻求领土和政治扩张。但德国代表只承诺放弃&ldo;永久性&rdo;占有领土(留下了建立期限99年的租界的可能,如英国在埃及以及英国、德国在中国所做的那样),罗斯福于是威胁发动战争。他随即派一支美国舰队挥师南下,并把委内瑞拉海港的地图发放给媒体。这一策略奏效了。罗斯福保持沉默,好让威廉皇帝保全面子,退出这场危机。这个时候,德意志帝国在委内瑞拉的野心遭到了决定性重创。seeedundorris,theodorerex(newyork:randohoe,2001),176–82

28theodoreroosevelt&rso;sannualssatongressfor1904,hr58a-k2,rerdsoftheushoeofrepresentatives,rg233,centerforlegislativearchives,nationalarchives

29ibid

30为展示美国的力量,罗斯福本人亲自前往视察运河区建设工程,这是美国在任总统第一次离开美国本土。

31orris,theodorerex,389

32ibid,397

33roosevelt&rso;sstatenttongress,1904,otedb,republicanroosevelt,134

34orris,theodorerex,495

35lettertokeritroosevelt,april19,1908,brands,selectedletters,482–83

36roosevelttoadiral插rlesssperry,arch21,1908,ibid,479

37roosevelttohugounsterberg,october3,1914,ibid,823

38seejasrhols,theodorerooseveltandworldorder:policepowerternationalrelations(washgton,dc:potoacbooks,2007),10–13,68–74

39roosevelt,&ldo;ternationalpeace,&rdo;103

40roosevelttocarnegie,augt6,1906,brands,selectedletters,423

41woodrowwiln,ncentaddressattheusilitaryacadeyatwestpot(june13,1916),papersofwoodrowwiln,edarthurslk(prceton,nj:prcetonuniversitypress,1982),37:212

42woodrow,wiln,addresstoajotsessionofngressonthenditionsofpeace(january8,1918)(&ldo;fourteenpots&rdo;),asotedasttberg,wiln(newyork:gpputna&rso;sns,2013),471

43总体而言,美国先后与玻利维亚、巴西、智利、中国、哥斯达黎加、丹麦、厄瓜多尔、法国、英国、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、意大利、挪威、巴拉圭、秘鲁、葡萄牙、俄国和西班牙签订了这种仲裁协定。它还开始与瑞典、乌拉圭、阿根廷、多米尼加、希腊、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、波斯(即现在的伊朗)、萨尔瓦多、瑞士和委内瑞拉开始签约谈判。treatiesfortheadvancentofpeacebeeentheunitedstatesandotherpowersnegotiatedbythehonorablewilliajbryan,secretaryofstateoftheunitedstates,withantroductionbyjasbrownstt(newyork:oxforduniversitypress,1920)

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